Everything about Haplogroup A Y-dna totally explained
In
human genetics,
Haplogroup A (M91) is a
Y-chromosome haplogroup.
Haplogroup A is localized mainly to
Southern Africa with a small to notable presence among a few populations in
East Africa. It represents the oldest and most diverse of the human Y-chromosome haplogroups. It is believed to be the haplogroup corresponding to
Y-chromosomal Adam.
Distribution
Haplogroup A is common among the
Khoisan people such as the
Bushmen, which - together with its high diversity - suggests that it's perhaps their original ancestral haplogroup. For example, Knight et al. (2003) report a 12-44% presence of haplogroup A in various Khoisan tribes. Surprisingly, this particular haplogroup wasn't found in a sample of the
Hadzabe from Tanzania, a population traditionally considered an ancient remnant of Khoisans due to the presence of
click consonants in their language.
Semino et al. 2001
found haplogroup A in 10.3% of an
Oromo sample and 14.6% of an
Amhara sample from Ethiopia. Especially high frequency (41%) can be found in
Ethiopian Jews (Cruciani et al. 2002) and important percentages are also shared by Bantus from Kenya (14%, Luis et al. 2004), a small sample of
Iraqw from Tanzania (17%, Knight et al. 2003), and
Fulbe from Cameroon (12%, Cruciani et al. 2002). The highest presence of haplogroup A in East Africa, however, was discovered in a sample of the
Sudanese population: 42.5% (Underhill et al. 2000).
Subclades
A3b2
It must be noted, however, that the
subclade found in East Africa (A3b2) is different from those found in the Khoisan samples and only remotely related to them (it is actually only one of many subclades within haplogroup A). This finding suggests an ancient divergence of certain A-carrying East African groups from the same ancestral population in the south.
A1
In
2007, seven men from
Yorkshire,
England sharing a distinctive surname were identified as being from the A1 subgroup of haplogroup A. It was discovered that these men had a common male-line ancestor from the
18th century, but no previous information about African ancestry was known. The A1 subgroup is extremely rare. In addition to the seven Yorkshire men, only 25 living carriers of the A1 subgroup are known, all of West African ancestry.
Further Information
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